Nephrolithiasis

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis is a common, costly, condition that occurs most frequently in Caucasian adult males but can be seen in all ages and demographics [1]. Nephrolithiasis often reoccurs without proper management and is associated with the development of systemic disorders such as coronary artery disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease [2, 3]. This article serves to review common pathophysiology of stone formation, clinical presentation, work-up and management. Patients must be educated about their condition and encouraged to implement preventative measures such as adequate intake of fluids and regular physician visits [4]. These practices increase awareness and understanding of the disease while decreasing recurrence rate, risk of complication and cost of care [5].